12th Grade. Term. an intensive examination of behavior/mental processing in a particular individual, group, or situation; helps us to predict, shows a relationship, used to determine whether two variables or measures are related (ex: ACT scores and college GPA; winter and depression), researcher makes a change in one variable and then observes the effect of that change on another variable while holding other variables constant; random assignment; if differences between groups are found, variables other than independent variables cannot account for those differences; ONLY method that can identify cause and effect relationships; results cannot be generalized too broadly, something that can occur with different values (ex: height, weight, ratings on a questionnaire), statement about what you expect to happen if certain conditions are true (if/then format), the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes ("if" part of a hypothesis), the variable that concerns the responses the participants make ("then" part of hypothesis), variables that will interfere with data and affect the dependent variable if not controlled, experiencing treatment condition (variable is present in this group), matched to be similar to experimental group except they don't receive experimental treatment, ensures groups are the same from the start. This process continues on a spectrum from conceiving an idea through accomplishing a goal by means of a set of mental operations. However, you can also think of a mental set as a part you play on a normal basis…and you are a very good actor!” (Psychcentral.com) I think this was a great definition of mental set. what does random assignment to experimental or control groups do? 12th Grade. The problem seems similar to ones you have worked on previously, so you approach solving it in the same way. For example, imagine that you are trying to solve a math problem in your algebra class. Every time they come to a door after that, the child pushes the door expecting it … Prototype Psychology: Prototype Theory, Definitions, and Examples The concept of prototype psychology is closely related to schema in psychology. A mental set, or “entrenchment,” is a frame of mind involving a model that represents a problem, a problem context, or a procedure for problem solving. mental age: Definition. Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. Home / Uncategorised / morpheme definition psychology quizlet. 05/10/2009. intelligence test: Definition. This field of study came about as a reaction to 19th-century psychology, which used self-examination of one’s thoughts and feelings to examine human and animal psychology. Cards Return to Set Details. For example, a child may enter a store by pushing a door open. Andrea is interested in the kinds of mental changes that take place in people between the ages of 45 and 65. the sum of all the values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, and the like among a group of people who share a common language and environment. So for example, say you need to open a can of b… knowing or sensing something without the use of reason; an insight, the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving, judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information, estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common, the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments, the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments, the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid, our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning, in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit, in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix), in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences, beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. MENTAL SET: "When waiting for exam results, students mentally set themselves for opening the letter, preparing them for their grades." ... these habits will definitely hold you back from physical and mental wellness. Doing this is an example of mental set -- a tendency to approach situations the same way because that way worked in the past. Cognition: Definition. Additional Psychology Flashcards . Before conducting a psychology experiment, it is essential to create firm operational definitions for both the independent variable and dependent variable. cannot be forced on participants, can't be forced to finish after you start, can be deception, cannot risk harmful things, measuring what you are intending to measure, getting similar results every time during experiments, draw conclusions about data (saying "this causes that"), frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, measures of variation, statistical analysis, correlation coefficient, spread or distribution of scores around the mean, "average difference" between each score and the mean of the data set (score-mean=standard deviation), determining whether results of research are due to luck or chance/represent truly significant findings, used to compare two groups to see if they are truly different, 5 chances out of 100 that results occurred by luck/chance, tells us direction and degree of relationship between two variables. a method of asessing an individual'smental aptitudes and comparing them with others, using numerical scores. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. A mental set is an unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a childspeaks mostly in single words. The science of behavior and mental processes, any activity that can be observed, recorded, and measured, thoughts, feelings, memories, perceptions, beliefs. all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating, a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people, a mental image or best example of a category, a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. (a) Bruner & Minturn (1955) illustrated how expectation could influence set by showing participants an ambiguous figure '13' set in the context of letters or numbers e.g.The physical stimulus '13' is the same in each case but is perceived differently because of the influence of the context in which it appears. Behaviorism is the theory that human or animal psychology can be objectively studied through observable actions (behaviors.) Term. Mental Set: Definition. We EXPECT to see a letter in the context of other letters of the alphabet, whereas we EXPECT to see numbers in the context of othe… Psychology. early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words, impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding), controls language expression-an aread of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech, controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe, Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think, the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes suchs as reasoning and understanding language, Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells. a school of psychology founded by William James that focused on how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment stream of consciousness thought regarded as a flowing series of images and ideas running through the mind ... Sign up here. an intensive examination of behavior/mental processing in a particular individual, group, or situation; in depth focus on all aspects of a single subject; subject may possess unusual or unique characteristics. Mental Health and Psychopathology Defined. Since past experience has taught you that the belt is a common issue, you r… a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life, varies from mild to profound: Term. is a mental state of general preparedness during which you are primed or ready to respond to a specific situation. (North America and Western Europe) people tend to focus on and value personal rather than group goals and achievement; (Japan and other parts of Asia) people tend to think of themselves as part of family or work groups; cooperative efforts aimed at advancing welfare of these groups is highly valued; fear of rejection by the group is common, how people will behave under certain circumstances, the process of assessing claims and making judgments based on well-supported evidence, procedures used to develop questions, accumulate evidence, and draw conclusions, a statement that describes relationship between two or more things, things that can "vary" or change in ways that are measurable, define in measurable terms the variables in the hypothesis, design study and collect data; determine who are the "subjects"; determine procedures to be used in collecting the data, scientific journals, newspapers, targeted groups (ex: National Education Association, Chamber of Commerce), statements that are designed to explain a phenomenon, watching, used to study how people or animals behave in their natural environments, no random assignment, no experimental treatments/conditions, cannot make cause and effect conclusions, using questionnaires/interviews to obtain info about attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and personality characteristics, give us descriptive info, no random assignment, no experimental treatments/conditions, cannot make cause and effect conclusions. Functional fixedness is a special type of mental set that occurs when the intended purpose of an object hinders a person's ability to see its potential other uses. 12th Grade. Problem Solving is the term used for thinking or thought processes that are specifically aimed at finding solutions to specific problems. Level. Term. Linguistically, the word “prototype” is used for something original — an original form of something that serves as a standard. For example, if the last time your computer froze you restarted it and it worked, that might be the only solution you can think of the next time it freezes. Uncategorised “Cognition” refers to thinking and memory processes, and “cognitive development” refers to long-term changes in these processes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 398), a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem, a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving, A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem. For example, let's imagine that your vacuum cleaner has stopped working. Created. An operational definition describes how the variables are measured and defined in the study. Psychology. Mental health is a positive mental status, with an individual capable of coping with normal life stressors as well as the ability to work productively. if the # is not between -1 and +1 then... increases in one variable accompanied by increases in another variable, increases in one variable accompanied by decreases in another variable, believed learning is the most important cause of behavior, studied operant conditioning, a learning process through which rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior. Because of your mental set, you are unable to see a simpler solution that might be possible. Definition. Our mental sets are shaped by our past experiences and habits. Term. The set point for happiness is psychological term that describes our general level of happiness. When problem solvers have an entrenched mental set, they fixate on a strategy that normally works well but does not… Read More Functional fixedness is a special type of mental set that occurs when the intended purpose of an object hinders a person’s ability to see its potential other uses. we observe the manifestation of mental processes, but NOT..... analyze biological factors involved in behavior and mental processes, thinking, learning, memory, problem-solving, interested in what makes people unique/how behavior is affected by "personality traits", study changes in behavior and mental processes that occur over a lifetime, study the ways people influence one another, work as mental health counselors and study causes and how to treat disorders, study and correct abnormal behavior and mental processes, try to help stressful conditions (counseling) that lead to disorders, conduct research and develop theories about teaching and learning, specialize in testing and diagnosing learning disabilities, I/O (Industrial/Organizational Psychologists), study factors that affect workers and the organizations that employ them, the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct, believe we were born as a blank slate; believe knowledge is ONLY gained through observance and EXPERIENCE, "structuralism" - study the mind by breaking it down into its basic components or "structures", inward look; describing in detail the experience of feeling and seeing something, "functionalism" - how and why the mind "functions" the way it does to allow us to live and adapt, genetics, electrical and chemical activity, and hormones are most important, (Freud) unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from past influence behavior and mental processes, behavior is determined by learned habits that are a by-product of rewards and punishments, people strive to grow, develop, and reach their full potentials as humans, humans are info. Level. Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ... Cards Return to Set Details. The definition of mental set is, “the tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past. Created. clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. morpheme definition psychology quizlet. 05/08/2008. Mental set A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem Belief perseverance Health Psychology: Definition, Purpose, and Goals ... and an unhealthy brain produces mental illness. processors and problem-solvers; actions are governed by thought and planning, behavior and mental processes of animals and humans is largely the result of natural selection, when you use more than 1 perspective to explain behavior and mental processing. Sentence: If Savannah wanted to major in Psychology, it would be important that she had an interest in human behavior. Psychology. Retrograde amnesia – loss of memory from point of injury/trauma backwards, loss of memory for past ... focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language. Definition: The science of behavior and mental processes. Level. Applied research Our mental sets are shaped by our past experiences and habits. mental retardation: Definition. Projection is the process of displacing one’s feelings onto a different person, animal, or object. A mental set is an unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a particular way. Into which area of specialization in psychology does the research fall? When it has stopped working in the past, a broken belt was the culprit.